NON-ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONS

TIV

Tiv is a stateless society with no formal government (Britannica, 2018). They live on Both sides of Bengue River in Nigeria (Britannica, 2018). It originated in the moder day Republic of Congo among the Bantu speaking people. As advances in agriculture, farming, and tool production, the Bantu ans Tiv were driven apart and migrated throuought Africa (234Foundation, 2018). Eventually, they came to settle in Benue valley in 1750 (Britannica, 2018), in Guinea savanna and rainforest. Alluvial soil is very fertile (the most fertile in Nigeria) (Britannica, 2018). They are a group of subsistence farmers, which means they grow enough for themselves,a and sell of the extra.

IGBO

Igbo is another stateless society, with the main governing systems being familial elders, whim meet between families to solve disputes. The tribe has 32 million members, or around 20% of nigeria’s population. Before european invasion, the igbo were not a united peoples, but by the mid 20th century they developed a sense of ethnic identity and tried to form a country from the southern part of nigeria. They are also subsistence farmers, and and mainly grow root vegetables like yams. Livestock is used for sacrifices and prestige. The culture also contains a yam festival. The Igbo export palm oil and kernels, and currently live in Southern Nigeria’s rainforests. (Britannica, Igbo)

MASAI

The Maasai are nomadic pastoralists, which means they follow livestock to food and grazing lands, (Britannica, 2019) which initially helped them conquer other tribes, but is now leading to conflict, as they have no land to call their own and are getting killed because of it. They are an indigenous ethnic group to east africa, and their traditional language is Maa. the Masai mainly eat meat, blood, and milk of their herds, (Thomson Safaris, 2019) and their population is 864,000 as of 2009. Masai today has stopped hunting lions as a right of passage to prove they were warriors, and have started protecting them, because the population of lions is depleting. The government has taken over surrounding area to create national parks and reserves, in an attempt to attract European and American groups to come over to help. The government is also protecting white ranch owners over the natives. The culture is primarily monotheistic, their god is named Engai. It also has a heavily focused on cattle and warriors. Men are trained to be warriors all of their life, need to protect their cattle from enemies and predators. (Britannica, 2019)

LUBA

The Luba inhabit south and central Democratic Republic of Congo. Luba refers to groups of people with closely related languages, have similar cultural traits, and were a part of the Luba empire, they live in forests and savannas, hunter-gather and farm also fish on the Congo river. Luba empire was a large scale multiethnic state in 17th and 18th centuries it was one of the most profound african states and set up trade routes and imported crops and technologies which increased wealth and stability of the region. (Bortolot, 2019)

PIGMY

Pygmy is a tribe of subsistence hunter-gatherers, that hunt with spears and nets, a staple food (and prey) is the blue duiker. Some of the earliest inhabitants of Africa, earliest records from 2250 BC. There are many pygmy tribes throughout central Africa. They are distiguished by their diminutive size, and their life expectancy is 16-24 years, due to a lack of human growth protein in their bones. They are begginning to be displaced thanks to deforestation. (New World Encylopedia, 2019)

WORKS CITED

The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm.
Admin. “The Maasai, The Authentic People of Kenya.” Silverbird Travel Safari Blog, 15 July 2016, silverbirdsafari-africa.com/blog/2472/.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Igbo.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 4 Nov. 2015, www.britannica.com/topic/Igbo.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Maasai.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 24 Sept. 2007, www.britannica.com/topic/Maasai.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Tiv.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 23 Apr. 2013, www.britannica.com/topic/Tiv.
“Igbo People Language, Culture, Tribe, Religion, Women, Food, Masks.” BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News, BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News, 14 May 2018, buzznigeria.com/igbo-people/.
Nkulu-N'Sengha, Mutombo. “Luba.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2 Dec. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people.
OpenContent. “Case From Kenya: Violent Evictions of the Masai in the Name of Protecting Wildlife to Support Elite Tourism.” International Tribunal on Evictions, www.tribunal-evictions.org/international_tribunal_on_evictions/evictions_cases/6th_session_2017/case_from_kenya_violent_evictions_of_the_masai_in_the_name_of_protecting_wildlife_to_support_elite_tourism.
“Pygmy.” Ohio River - New World Encyclopedia, New World Encyclopedia, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pygmy.
“The Maasai Tribe, East Africa.” Http://Www.siyabona.com, www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html.
“The TIV People.” PR2J3C4 - Nigeria @ Her Best, 6 Mar. 2017, the234project.com/arts-and-culture/nigeria/the-tiv-people/.
“Traditional Maasai Food: Blood and Milk.” Thomson Safaris, 4 Jan. 2018, thomsonsafaris.com/blog/traditional-maasai-diet-blood-milk/.
Yasukawa, Olivia, and Thomas Page. “Maasai Turn Wildlife Warriors to Save Lions in Tanzania.” CNN, Cable News Network, 8 Feb. 2017, www.cnn.com/2017/02/07/africa/maasai-tanzania-wildlife-warriors/index.html.